Sultana

The Sultana steamboat disaster in 1865, at the end of the Civil War, has been called America’s worst maritime disaster. More people died in the sinking of the riverboat Sultana than on the Titanic. However, for a nation that had just emerged from war and was still reeling from the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, the estimated loss of up to 1,800 soldiers returning home on the Mississippi River was scarcely covered in the national news. The remains of the steamboat are believed to lie buried in Arkansas.

Those aboard the boat were mostly Union soldiers from Midwestern states such as Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana. Having been taken prisoners of war, they were sent to the notoriously overcrowded Confederate prisons of Cahaba in Alabama and Andersonville in Georgia. Those POWs who survived at war’s end in April of 1865 were marched to Vicksburg, Mississippi, for their return north.

When the survivors came in sight of the Mississippi River at Vicksburg, they shouted and sang with joy. The army was paying the Sultana’s captain—who was part-owner of the boat—five dollars for each enlisted man and ten dollars for each officer taken aboard. Those who boarded the side-wheeler found a boat built for 376 that took on, by some reports, almost 2,400 men, as well as some women and children who were in passenger cabins.

The Sultana left Vicksburg for Cairo, Illinois, forcing its way against the strong current of the Mississippi at flood stage. On April 27, 1865, at about 2:00 a.m., the Sultana was ten miles upriver from Memphis, Tennessee, with men sleeping on deck or anywhere they could find space when the straining boilers exploded, blowing the ship apart.

Men who had been sleeping suddenly found themselves immersed in the cold waters of the swollen river. Many were killed instantly by the explosion, fire, falling timbers, shrapnel, and searing steam from the boilers, as well as by drowning. Reports estimate the number of dead as high as 1,800, with hundreds of bodies floating in the river when Memphians awoke the next morning.

According to witnesses, it took about twenty minutes for the remains of the Sultana to burn to the waterline, finally resting in mud on the Arkansas side of the river. It is believed buried today under about twenty feet of soil beneath a soybean field in northeast Arkansas. In nearby Marion (Crittenden County), a historical marker pays tribute to the Sultana disaster.

Many of the dead were buried in Memphis cemeteries, while some who could be identified were taken home to places such as Ohio, where cemetery markers pay tribute. Survivors of the Sultana disaster formed a national association in the 1880s, and their descendants hold annual reunions on the anniversary of the tragedy.

In 2015, the Sultana Disaster Museum opened in Marion, two years after the Sultana Historical Preservation Society was incorporated. In 2019, the Arkansas General Assembly designated April 27 each year as Sultana Remembrance Day. In 2023, U.S. Senators John Boozman and Tom Cotton began advocating that the U.S. Mint create, as part of program commemorating historical events, a Sultana coin, with proceeds going to the Sultana Disaster Museum. The Sultana explosion is central to the plot of the 2024 novel When Hope Sank.

For additional information:
Baker, Elias John. “‘No Place in American History’: Remembering and Forgetting the Sultana Disaster.” PhD diss., University of Mississippi, 2021. Online at https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd/2086/ (accessed October 18, 2022).

Berry, Chester D., ed. Loss of the Sultana and Reminiscences of Survivors. Voices of the Civil War. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2005.

Kelly, David A., Jr. “Sultana: Victim of Courtenay’s Coal Torpedo?” Civil War Navy 6 (Fall 2018): 34–44.

Potter, Jerry O. The Sultana Tragedy: America’s Greatest Maritime Disaster. Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing Company, 1992.

Randall, Mark. “The Sultana: Civil War’s Titanic.” Jonesboro Sun, September 16, 2007, pp. 1C, 12C.

Salecker, Gene Eric. Disaster on the Mississippi: The Sultana Explosion, April 27, 1865. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1996.

Nancy Hendricks
Arkansas State University