Indochinese Resettlement Program

In 1975, the state of Arkansas was tapped by the federal government to be one of four main entry points for Indochinese refugees. The presence and availability of the facilities at Fort Chaffee, located adjacent to Fort Smith (Sebastian County), made it an ideal location for processing tens of thousands of Indochinese seeking refuge from their war-torn country.

When the United States evacuated its remaining personnel from Vietnam in the spring of 1975, it left in its wake a wide segment of the Indochinese population who had assisted the American military and political effort. Without the American presence, they were left vulnerable to retaliation by the North Vietnamese government. Many fled in the days and weeks leading up to the fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975. Those who did not make it out by plane before the fall of Saigon either fled by dangerous methods such as boat or attempted to walk to safety. Many were captured and sent to so-called reeducation camps that were in essence concentration camps.

The 1975 Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act (PL94-23) was one congressional response to this humanitarian crisis. The act aimed to assist Indochinese in escaping the danger they faced from the North Vietnamese government and finding them safe residences in the United States. There were four points of entry for refugees into the United States, including Camp Pendleton in California, Eglin Air Force Base in Florida, Fort Indiantown Gap in Pennsylvania, and Fort Chaffee in Arkansas. At Fort Chaffee, the project was referred to as “Operation New Life.”

The U.S. Army was notified on April 25, 1975, that Fort Chaffee would be used as a relocation center, and the first Indochinese arrived at Fort Chaffee just seven days later on May 2, 1975. The first plane carried seventy refugees, and they were met by a handful of dignitaries, including Governor David Pryor. Within twenty-two days, there were 25,812 refugees, which made the fort effectively the eleventh-largest city in the state. By the last day of the program just seven months later, on December 20, 1975, 50,809 refugees had been processed through Fort Chaffee.

The Indochinese population that arrived was a very heterogeneous one, consisting of Vietnamese, Laotian, Cambodian, and Hmong. From the local perspective, however, they were often mistakenly perceived to be one homogenous cultural group. Compared to the documented and undocumented immigrants fleeing their country of origin due to poor economic times, such as the Irish during the potato blight of the 1840s or Latinos in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, this is a very different group. As many were political refugees, they were granted permanent, legal residence in the United States.

Refugees were quickly rotated out of Fort Chaffee as sponsors or host families around the United States were secured. Many agencies worked to this end. The United States Catholic Conference alone found sponsors for 20,000 of the refugees. At the peak of the airlift, some days saw as many as seventeen flights landing at Fort Smith Municipal Airport. There were 415 flights in total. By June 14, 1975, there were 6,500 Army Reserve personnel working at the fort. It is estimated that several millions of dollars were pumped into the local economy as a result of the relocation program.

The American responses to these refugees were as mixed as the American response to the Vietnam War in general. Local reactions to the anticipated arrival of tens of thousands of Indochinese refugees went from one extreme to the other. Newspaper accounts from the eve of their arrival reflect a range of responses from the xenophobic and racist to the hospitable and charitable. While some actively protested the refugees’ presence—citing fears that Fort Chaffee would become a permanent residence for the refugees, who might then take away jobs from the local population—others fully supported efforts to assist in educating the refugees and helping them make a life in Fort Smith. Indeed, many of the refugees became on good terms with the local population as families sponsored them, and some married into the local Fort Smith population.

There was an active effort at Fort Chaffee to assist the refugees in making the transition to living in the United States. On May 4, 1975, two days after the first refugees’ arrival, a Vietnamese newspaper, the Tan Dan, began publication. On October 16, 1975, a bilingual radio station, K224AG/FM, was established to broadcast information to the refugees. The local college, Westark Community College (now the University of Arkansas at Fort Smith), set up classes for teaching English. In addition to education programs, forms of entertainment were provided, such as a rodeo and an Independence Day celebration intended to help acclimate the new arrivals to American ideals.

Life at Fort Chaffee was at moments quite difficult for refugees. On June 20, 1975, a group of eighty Vietnamese held a demonstration to let their frustration be known at what they felt to be a long time waiting to be processed. Two days later, a second demonstration was held by 600 refugees. This time, however, it was in counter to the previous protest, thanking the Americans for all that they were doing to assist them. Additional strain was created at the fort because several top-ranking South Vietnamese government officials were among the refugees. Some refugees could not contain the animosity they felt toward these officials who, they felt, had lost their country to the North Vietnamese. Overall, the Provost Marshal report indicates that the refugees were the perpetrators and victims of cases of five rapes, twenty-two cases of aggravated assault, 266 cases of larceny, and two suicide attempts. There were 517 offenses in all, less than half of which, 212, were perpetrated by the refugees. Operation New Life took on literal meaning as there were 325 children born to refugees at the fort during this short stay. Life for the refugees at Fort Chaffee mirrored the life of a real city.

A small fraction of the total refugees who went through Fort Chaffee made their home in Fort Smith, as most were relocated to other states. As the 1975 refugees found their niche in Fort Smith, subsequent migrations of Indochinese found their way to the city. In the 1980s, additional programs of the United States assisted more individuals in escaping the fallout of the war. With an established Indochinese population, Fort Smith was an attractive choice for some of these later refugees.

In 2002, the University of Arkansas at Fort Smith conducted oral history interviews with refugees, military personnel, and relief agency staff to document and preserve this moment in the history of Fort Chaffee and its local and national impact. In the 2000 Census, there were only 4,039 Asian Americans counted in Sebastian County (and this figure includes Asian Americans from places outside of Indochina as well), making up a mere 3.6 percent of the population. But the social landscape of Fort Smith was indelibly changed as the refugees gradually established themselves: Buddhist temples, as well as Vietnamese, Laotian, and Hmong grocery stores and restaurants, opened; business establishments reoriented themselves to accommodate new clientele, featuring signs in Lao or Vietnamese; Vietnamese and Laotian New Year’s celebrations are well-attended annual events; and the native tongues of these refugees are heard often in Fort Smith.

For additional information:
Freeman, James. Changing Identities: Vietnamese Americans 1975–1995. Boston: Allyn and Bacon Press, 1995.

Gallman, Judith M. “Finding Refuge in Fort Smith.” Arkansas Times, November 1991, pp. 34–37, 79–82.

Guerrero, Perla M. “Impacting Arkansas: Vietnamese and Cuban Refugees and Latina/o Immigrants, 1975–2005.” PhD diss., University of Southern California, 2010.

———. Nuevo South: Latinas/os, Asians, and the Remaking of Place. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2017.

———. “Yellow Peril in Arkansas: War, Christianity, and the Regional Racialization of Vietnamese Refugees.” Kalfou: A Journal of Comparative and Relational Ethnic Studies 3 (Fall 2016): 230–252.

Lewis, David. Oral History Transcription, History of Westark College. April 26, 2002. Pebley Historical and Cultural Center. University of Arkansas at Fort Smith, Fort Smith, Arkansas.

Lipman, Jana K. “A Refugee Camp in America: Fort Chaffee and Vietnamese and Cuban Refugees, 1975–1982.” Journal of American Ethnic History 33 (Winter 2014): 57–87.

Southeast Asian Relocation Collection. Pebley Historical and Cultural Center, Boreham Library. University of Arkansas Fort Smith, Fort Smith, Arkansas.

Wiggins, Melanie Spears. “Escape to America: Evacuees from Indochina arrive in Fort Smith-1975–1979.” Journal of the Fort Smith Historical Society 31 (April 2007): 14–29.

Daniel Maher
University of Arkansas at Fort Smith